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Exhaust's catalytic neutralization
Vehicles are the major environment pollutant. The number of the registered cars worldwide amounts to five hundred million. The annual car output is above forty million. The quantity of hazardous exhaust substances is assessed as millions of tones. For instance, in the USA during 2005 this number reached sixty five million.
Most European countries that have joined the EEC UN comply with the strict regulations as to the vehicle toxicity. Ukraine's joining the Geneva Convention in 1958 directly leads to the implementation of these regulations as a state's standard.
The toxicity reduction of the vehicles manufactured in the USSR to a certain time point was achieved by means of the manufacturing process and the fuel delivery system improvement as well as by imposing more rigid discipline and the product control as to its compliance with the toxicity norms set by the state standards. Within the last 10 - 15 years the vehicle toxicity has reduced by half.
In Ukraine mainly due to the use of the public transport the sanitary code in most of the cities with the population below 300 thousand citizens may be observed by means of the improvement of the engine construction and the vehicle maintenance at the appropriate technical level.
As the fleet of cars is growing, the lessening of the vehicle exhausts toxicity at the old race cannot solve the problem of the gas contamination even in the towns with the population below 300 thousand citizens. In large industrial areas the pollution of the atmosphere even now often considerably exceeds the standards of the sanitary code.
For the substantial vehicle exhausts toxicity reduction, which would ensure the norm lessening in big cities, the system of neutralization should be introduced as soon as possible.
Within the framework of the ecologically safe vehicle with a petrol engine creation the active system with the neutralizer is being worked out. It diminishes hazardous exhaust substances discharge well up to the level declared by the strict regulations of the EEC UN and the USA and with the minimum affect on the economical petrol consumption and power indices. The system of neutralization with the ash filter for diesel vehicles, which would provide the ecologically clean exhaust discharge by the decreasing of carbon oxide, hydrocarbon, aldehyde, benzopyrene, solid particle, nitric oxide, is being elaborated.
Along with the considerable economic impact the use of the neutralizers entails additional expenses and both technical and organizational problems. Thus, petrol consumption increases by 2-4 % in the vehicles with oxidation neutralizer and by 7-8% with three-component neutralizer.
The requirements as to the use of lead-free gasoline and precious materials (platinum and palladium).
When using neutralizers the requirements to the construction and technology of production of feeding and ignition devices as well as keeping to the regulations set are stricter. Larger tolerance and higher scattering of regulations of these systems which usually takes place in our fleet of cars causes violation of the combustion process in the engine cylinders as the result of which neutralizers are heated or made faulty.
Nominal work of neutralization and engine systems with optimum regimes can be provided only in case electronic devices and computers are widely applied.
Thus, wide setting of cars with neutralizers into operation can not be done without the settlement of the following tasks:
– guaranteed supply of regions with tense ecological situation as well as the main highways of the country with lead-free gasoline;
– introduction into the car’s construction of electronics and microprocessors which provide for the work of the neutralizer and the engine at optimum regimes;
– quality of production of the engine feeding and ignition systems and the culture of the car’s exploitation should largely go up.
In the paper the analysis of the ways of reducing toxicity of the work of petrol and gas engines is carried out. Construction of a neutralizer is suggested and calculations for a bus engine neutralizer are made. On the basis of experimental and calculation data the function of the change of the heating value and the temperature of the reaction mixture is built depending on the coefficient of ejection in the catalyser. In the economic part calculation of the efficiency of the use of gas-diesel-powered bus is made.
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