|
| |
| |  | Alternative Fuel Project |
The research of the characteristics of the motor-car engine transferred to hydrogen fuel
In the paper opportunities are substantiated and consequences are analyzed of transferring autoloaders with petrol engines (and other mobile vehicles with explosion engines by analogy with them) from traditional fuel to hydrogen, prospects for the use of hydrogen as fuel for motor-car transport and motor-car equipment of different designation are shown. Technical and economic characteristics of hydrogen obtaining methods are provided.
Complex analysis of the properties of hydrogen used as engine fuel is made within the framework of the research. It is noted that the main problem in converting the engine to hydrogen is the fight against the inflammability of the hydrogen-airily mixture at the entrance (as a reverse flash). Different ways of preventing this phenomenon are suggested.
Acceptance and relevance of the thesis (hypothesis, statement) that the use of hydrogen as the admixture to petrol along with modification of the serial engine (with small expenses) allows to greatly improve its energetic efficiency in general and fuel economy in particular, at the same time allowing to improve toxic characteristics and considerably reduce petrol consumption are substantiated.
Drawing 1. Loading characteristics of hydrogen engine
An autoloader of model 4092, for the feeding of which hydrogen or mixture of petrol with hydrogen is used as fuel constitutes an object of research. The aim of the paper lies in elaborating the ways of working with hydrogen and petrol and hydrogen variants of ЛМЗ-451 МП engine, constructing the corresponding fuel equipment as well as in settling the issues of storing hydrogen on board the autoloader. Due to poor theoretical knowledge of the tasks indicated experimental data is resorted to. A specially elaborated way of hydrogen explosion engine work, which allows avoiding a reverse flash, is set out.
The results of development testing of the autoloader’s engine which works at hydrogen or the mixture of petrol with hydrogen are provided which generally convincingly confirm the expediency of the use of hydrogen as the fuel for explosion engine. The testing of the specifically reequipped autoloaders with hydride system of hydrogen storage has shown a considerable reduction of the toxicity of the exhaust gases over its petrol prototype.
Maximum efficiency achieved by the implementation of the variants of hydrogen and petrol-hydrogen autoloader which have been worked upon can take place in case they are used for working in closed poorly ventilated premises (in particular, in ship’s holds).
As the result of the analysis of different ways of storing hydrogen on board of the transport vehicle one can draw a conclusion that metal-hydride system is most suitable for self-propelled means of loading. The set of drawings necessary for production and installation of metal-hydride system of hydrogen storage at the autoloader is provided in the graphic part of the diploma paper.
As the result of high ecological indices of hydrogen of particular urgency is the issue of its application as the main or auxiliary means for the hydrogen fuel for engines of mobile cars which work in closed premises. Thus, transfer of autoloaders which are exploited in closed, poorly aired, not ventilated premises, to the application of hydrogen fuel will allow to considerably improve the conditions of staff work, increase the time of continuous work of the loader and will lead to significant petrol economy.
In order to efficiently apply hydrogen as the fuel for autoloaders it is necessary to settle the issue of its storage on board a transport vehicle, work out the methods of the work of hydrogen and petrol-hydrogen variants of engine and methods of constructing fuel devices for such engines.
Of particular importance is the problem of igniting the fuel-aerial mixture at the entrance in the hydrogen engine.
Special attention which is paid to hydrogen fuel in the world can be emphasized by the following fact. On April 19, 2001 at the Edwards military-air centre (the state of California, the USA) NASA specialists represented to the world the experimental sample of the aircraft which was capable of developing the speed exceeding 8000 km/hour. According to NASA managers’ estimates new experimental plane X-43A constitutes a real revolution in air flying.
In May 2001 the experimental plane went into the air with the help of B-52 bomber. At the height set X-43A separated from the bomber and went to have an independent flight which lasted for several seconds, and then it fell into the water of the Pacific Ocean. The Ocean hid from outsiders both the mysterious plane, and the recent technologies elaborated by NASA specialists.
At present the most high-speed plane is American plane 8K-71 “Black bird” capable of achieving the speed which exceeds sound speed three times (exceeds Mach number threefold). Instead, experimental plane X-43 A is almost seven times quicker than the sound. In the opinion of the project’s managers in 25 years serial liners made according to X-43A sample will transport passengers from Los-Angeles to New-York in 30 minutes, and to Tokyo – in two hours. It will be possible to cross the Atlantic Ocean in 40 minutes. Space flights will become much quicker and cheaper. Hypersound boats’ flights will be launched from the Earth to the Moon and in the opposite direction, flights to other planets will become a reality. Military men have got the most serious expectations. It is not in vain that the most recent project is largely financed by Pentagon which has allotted 185 million dollars for the elaboration of the non-traditional aircraft X-43A. In the opinion of NASA managers, soon it is will possible for Americans to call to any country and state: “We are going to bombard you”, and nobody will ever be able to prevent it. Indeed no missiles, no shells which are at the moment in the possession of any army in the world are capable of damaging the object of the enemy which is moving at the speed of over 8000 km/hour. But the most important thing in this very case is that designers of the plane managed to implement a principally new idea of power supply at which specialists from many countries have been working for a considerable period of time. The aircraft is equipped with the unique engine which does not require traditional rocket fuel. The engine takes its fuel directly from the air in the form of oxygen which then gets mixed with hydrogen. The only product of the energy-release process is, for sure, water.
|
|
| | |
|
